不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响，以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料，研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明，不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色，简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮，反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异，显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻，但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异，由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述，简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好，回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。     

不同光质组合对生菜生长和能量利用效率的影响

【目的】筛选较优的光质组合,提高人工光植物工厂生菜产量和能量利用效率。【方法】以光强为200μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝光(RB)为对照,在光强为150μmol/(m~2·s),R/B为4/1的红蓝背景光基础上,分别添加50μmol/(m~2·s)的绿光(G)、黄光(Y)、橙光(O)和远红光(FR)组成4种不同光质组合处理,分别用RBG、RBY、RBO和RBFR表示,对不同光质组合处理生菜的生长及形态、光合能力、能量利用效率等指标进行比较研究。【结果】RBG、RBO和RBFR处理生菜地上部鲜质量较RB处理分别增加14.5%,14.5%和30.8%,地上部干质量分别增加13.3%,24.1%和29.9%(P0.05)。RBG处理可以增加生菜的株高、总叶面积、净光合速率和能量利用效率。与RB处理相比,RBY处理对生菜的地上部干、鲜质量影响不显著;RBO处理可以提高生菜叶片的光合能力和能量利用效率。RBFR处理可以增加生菜的地上部干、鲜质量,但在实际生产中,生菜叶片较易出现烧尖现象。【结论】RBG和RBO是工光植物工厂生产中较为合适的光质组合。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

屋顶绿化5种常绿植物的抗旱性研究

为了筛选更多耐粗放管理且抗旱性强的屋顶绿化常绿植物，选取在西安露地广泛应用且须根发达无主根的5种常绿灌木:金叶女贞、金边黄杨、南天竹、海桐、红叶石楠进行干旱胁迫，通过观察植株外部形态特征的变化，并对其叶片的生理指标:相对含水量、细胞质膜透性、叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸的含量进行测定，利用隶属函数值法进行综合评价。结果表明，5种常绿灌木的抗旱性排序依次为金边黄杨＞海桐＞红叶石楠＞金叶女贞＞南天竹，应用于屋顶绿化时，金叶女贞、南天竹应加强灌溉措施。总体而言说明5种常绿灌木基本能适应西安市的气候条件和屋顶环境。     

优化栽培措施对春玉米密植群体冠层结构及产量形成的调控效应

【目的】研究春玉米密植群体优化栽培模式下冠层结构特征,并探索其对冠层生产的调控机制及对产量提高的贡献。【方法】以耐密高产品种“中单909”为试验材料,设置105 000 株/hm²种植密度,采用深松（S）、宽窄行（W）及化控（C）的组合,形成4种根-冠优化栽培模式：（1）传统模式（旋耕20 cm,60 cm等行距,RU）,（2）耕层优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,60 cm等行距,SU）,（3）冠层优化模式（传统旋耕20 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,RWC）,（4）综合优化模式（深松耕作35 cm,80 cm+40 cm宽窄行,叶面喷施磷酸胆碱合剂ECK,SWC）。比较不同栽培模式下冠层大田切片（垂直）、群体光分布、光合性能、蔗糖合成酶活性及籽粒灌浆的差异。【结果】相较于常规栽培模式（RU）,耕层优化模式（SU）的玉米冠层叶片干物质增加,冠层优化模式（RWC,SWC）下密植群体株高和穗位高降低30 cm以上,但群体整齐度下降明显;RWC和SWC处理,叶片垂直分布似“纺锤型”更为均匀,垂直高度180—240 cm的光能截获相比传统模式显著降低8%—37%,而穗位以下（120—180 cm）相比传统模式提高44%—129%;RU和SU处理呈现“漏斗型”株型特征,叶片集中分布在冠层顶部。根-冠协同优化可改良高密玉米群体冠层垂直结构,显著提高穗位及穗下叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率,增加穗位叶蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,维持生育后期冠层叶片的生理活性,延长干物质活跃积累期10 d以上。【结论】综合优化模式（SWC）改变冠层干物质空间分布,增加了密植群体中下部光能截获和光合碳代谢能力,促进了花后冠层物质生产及籽粒灌浆,显著增加玉米籽粒产量。     

茶树GGPS基因家族的克隆、生物信息学和表达分析

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPS)是萜类合成途径的结构酶,对植物生长发育具有重要意义。本研究通过RACE和RT-PCR方法克隆得到5条潜在的茶树GGPS序列,分别命名为CsGGPS1-4和CsGGPS9,其中CsGGPS9存在3条等位基因,分别是CsGGPS9-1、CsGGPS9-2和CsGGPS9-3,在系统进化树上与其他基因分成两支。蛋白质序列分析表明,茶树GGPS家族成员都具有polyprenyl_synt结构域,不存在信号肽序列。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4定位在叶绿体上,CsGGPS3和CsGGPS9定位在线粒体上。通过Swiss Model进行三维建模,结合"three-floor"模型对茶树GGPS家族成员的功能进行预测,预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4是GGPS;CsGGPS3是异源二聚体形式的牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶的小亚基;CsGGPS9的催化主产物是碳链数大于30的异戊烯基焦磷酸。q RT-PCR分析表明,CsGGPS1整体表达丰度较低,仅在一芽二叶中表达量稍高;CsGGPS2在茶树各个组织中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,且花发育过程中表达量先上升后下降;CsGGPS3在叶和幼根中的表达量高于花,花发育过程中表达平稳;CsGGPS4在茶树各个组织中表达量数值相近,在花发育过程中表达量变化趋势与CsGGPS2相同;CsGGPS9的表达量在成熟叶中显著低于幼嫩叶片。     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

中国农业植物新品种保护与DUS测试技术发展现状

作为农业知识产权体系中一项重要内容,植物新品种权发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了国内外植物新品种保护的发展历程以及中国农业植物新品种保护和DUS测试技术发展现状和存在的问题。     

水稻对稻飞虱抵御机制研究

为更好地利用水稻自身抵御能力遏制稻飞虱为害,综述了水稻抵御稻飞虱的物理、生化效应和机制的研究现状。水稻抵御稻飞虱的物理机制包括宏观的水稻叶脉间距、宽度,钩毛和纤细毛密度、长度,硅含量和微观的粗纤维、胼胝质含量及叶绿体膜稳定性;生化机制涉及水分、可溶性糖、叶绿素、游离氨基、酶物质活性及挥发物的含量。国内外虽广泛涉及水稻自身固有的物理结构及体内生理生化物质对稻飞虱的抵御效应研究,但其分子机理研究较为匮乏,尚需深入系统的研究。     

Whole wheat bread: Effect of bran fractions on dough and end-product quality

Consumption of whole-wheat based products is encouraged due to their important nutritional elements that benefit human health. However, the use of whole-wheat flour is limited because of the poor processing and end-product quality. Bran was postulated as the major problem in whole wheat breadmaking. In this study, four major bran components including lipids, extractable phenolics (EP), hydrolysable phenolics (HP), and fiber were evaluated for their specific functionality in flour, dough and bread baking. The experiment was done by reconstitution approach using the 2⁴ factorial experimental layout. Fiber was identified as a main component to have highly significant (P < 0.05) and negative influence on most breadmaking characteristics. Although HP had positive effect on farinograph stability, it was identified as another main factor that negatively impacted the oven spring and bread loaf volume. Bran oil and EP seemed to be detrimental to most breadmaking characteristics. Overall, statistical analysis indicates that influence of the four bran components are highly complex. The bran components demonstrate multi-way interactions in regards to their influence on dough and bread-making characteristics. Particularly, Fiber appeared to have a high degree of interaction with other bran components and notably influenced the functionality of those components in whole wheat bread-making.